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3 Dec 2009: explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this. ... sizeable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women’s.

3 Dec 2009: Oxford, OX1 3UQ United Kingdom. francis.teal@economics.ox.ac.uk. September 2008 This paper was presented to the Conference on ‘Economic Incentives: Do They Work in Education?’ 15-17 May ... the Ravens Progressive Matrices test. The teacher

3 Dec 2009: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Volume 23, Number 2, 2007, pp.168 – 195. ... India’s recent economic growth rates have generated much optimism about its generalsocial and economic development.

3 Dec 2009: measures of ‘native ability’ scores from tests (such as the Ravens test) in earnings functions. ... Our tests, however, were administered in Urdu. Therefore, these people’s inability to comprehend the literacy test possibly captured their inability

3 Dec 2009: 4. Progressive Matrices test and tests of numeracy and literacy were also given to each sampled child2. ... Sabot (1990). We adapted these tests to the Pakistani context, reduced the number of questions to test.

3 Dec 2009: explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this. ... sizeable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women’s.

3 Dec 2009: the Ravens Progressive Matrices test. The teacher questionnaire collected information on a range. ... Scholastic Achievement”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(2): 533-75. Ballou, D. (2001).

3 Dec 2009: During the colonial era entry into secondary school was only possible after completing middle school. ... Never Attended School. Primary drop out JSS drop out. Incomplete Middle school SSS dropout.

3 Dec 2009: education is not itself sufficient17… The benefit gained from having some middle school education also. ... at all, “there is no significant effect of primary or middle education” (2003, p.

3 Dec 2009: In addition, each child. took the Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices test and tests of numeracy and literacy21. ... We adapted these tests to the Pakistani. context, reduced the number of questions to test the pupils within a given time frame, and.

3 Dec 2009: Middle East, also boomed in the 1980s, constituting mostly uneducated individuals from rural. ... formation) and prevent economic status from confounding the findings as much as possible.

3 Dec 2009: to the 1993–94 National Council of Applied Economic Research. (NCAER) household survey, the actual share was 30.7%, again more. ... Note: The maximum marks possible in the math and reading tests were 36 and 29 respec-tively.

3 Dec 2009: Measuring these economic returns to apprenticeship is a difficult undertaking for three reasons. ... scores on skills tests and the score on the Raven’s test.

3 Dec 2009: Measuring these economic returns to apprenticeship is a difficult undertaking for three reasons. ... scores on skills tests and the score on the Raven’s test.

3 Dec 2009: These have been conducted for most middle- and low-income countries more than once since 1992. ... one hand, and a variety of human, social and economic outcomes on the other.

3 Dec 2009: Centre for Study of African Economies, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, UK. ... quantiles (returns are higher for higher earnings quantiles), in middle-income countries the evidence.

3 Dec 2009: Some prominent CSS in elementary education were designed after the introduction of New Economic Policy. ... Source: Economic survey (various years), WPI from Office of the economic adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

3 Dec 2009: measures of ‘native ability’ scores from tests (such as the Ravens test) in earnings functions. ... Our tests, however, were administered in Urdu. Therefore, these people’s inability to comprehend the literacy test possibly captured their inability

3 Dec 2009: education is not itself sufficient17… The benefit gained from having some middle school education also. ... at all, “there is no significant effect of primary or middle education” (2003, p.

3 Dec 2009: Middle East, also boomed in the 1980s, constituting mostly uneducated individuals from rural. ... formation) and prevent economic status from confounding the findings as much as possible.

3 Dec 2009: Centre for Study of African Economies, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, UK. ... confirm significant economic returns to literacy for 13 countries on which literacy data were.

3 Dec 2009: established in two middle schools of each region to serve as a pilot scheme. ... Last cohort admitted. Last cohort graduate. Middle schools closed. JSS JSS not yet begun.

3 Dec 2009: Measuring these economic returns to apprenticeship is a difficult undertaking for three reasons. ... scores on skills tests and the score on the Raven’s test.

3 Dec 2009: to parental household welfare post-marriage in patrilineal societies.1 More generally, we test whether sickness. ... potentially the most compelling explanation in the South African context may be that economic.

3 Dec 2009: Aid partnership has often been conditional on economic, environmental or social policies, such as macroeconomic stabilisation or increased investment in health or education. ... Six years primary, four years middle school, five years secondary school and

3 Dec 2009: established in two middle schools of each region to serve as a pilot scheme. ... Last cohort admitted. Last cohort graduate. Middle schools closed. JSS JSS not yet begun.

3 Dec 2009: The test used by Levine and replicated here tests the fundamental implication of efficiency wage theory that marginal wage increases raise productivity sufficiently to pay for themselves. ... Hanushek, Eric (1986) “The Economics of Schooling:

3 Dec 2009: 1. A phased increase in the formal TVET programmes, to include some of those with less than middle school education, in-line with demonstrable market needs. ... 4. Launching large scale community-based training programmes, using the model of ILO’s

3 Dec 2009: The extent to which education raises earnings is loosely called the economic ‘return’ to education. ... Federal Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan.

3 Dec 2009: The 2006 wave of the GHWS includes data from four skills tests and a health knowledge test. ... The skills tests include a Raven’s test, an English test, a mathematics test, and a reading test.1There is some evidence in very recent literature regarding

3 Dec 2009: The extent to whicheducation raises earnings is loosely called the economic ‘return’ toeducation. ... 2003) Economic transition and returns to education in China. Economics of Education Review, 22(3), 317-328.Maluccio, J.

3 Dec 2009: mainstream economic understanding of free entry and exit with the latter occurring when individuals. ... economic disadvantaged backgrounds has become a matter of public interest and with research.

3 Dec 2009: Behrman, J. R., and B. Wolfe. 1984. “The Socio-economic Impact of Schooling in a Developing Country.” Review of Economics and Statistics 66 (2): 296–303. ... Hanushek, Eric A. 2005. "The Economics of School Quality." German Economic Review 6 (3):

3 Dec 2009: The 2006 wave of the GHWS includes data from four skills tests and a health knowledge test. ... The skills tests include a Raven’s test, an English test, a mathematics test, and a reading test.1There is some evidence in very recent literature regarding

3 Dec 2009: countries. The economics of education literature presents the various theories that drive the international. ... Financial assistance is. linked to broader political and economic agendas. Multilateral and bilateral institutions affect policy.

3 Dec 2009: funded by Wellcome Trust (GR067231). Earlier research was funded by Economic and Social. ... towards the bottom of the urban and rural economic hierarchies (Ali & Sikand 2006;.

3 Dec 2009: The extent to whicheducation raises earnings is loosely called the economic ‘return’ toeducation. ... 2003) Economic transition and returns to education in China. Economics of Education Review, 22(3), 317-328.Maluccio, J.

3 Dec 2009: to alleviate poverty through economic growth, universal human rights, and the development of. ... undifferentiated) group located within economic, familial and legal structures and the product of.

3 Dec 2009: human capital. The arguments here are not merely economic (though that remains an important. ... with significant economic and socio-cultural dimensions (Elwan, 1999).9 Not only does disability.

3 Dec 2009: others. Economic capital is the command over economic resources (cash, or other assets). ... economic, social and cultural capital to distinguish different ways in which schooling can.

3 Dec 2009: among the most backward or deprived in India, on many socio-economic and schooling indicators. ... historical discrimination) are almost always at the bottom of the socio-economic hierarchy as well.

3 Dec 2009: mainstream economic understanding of free entry and exit with the latter occurring when individuals. ... economic disadvantaged backgrounds has become a matter of public interest and with research.

3 Dec 2009: between primary educationand economic development, on education financing, on development theoryand on economic adjustment in Africa. ... Bigo, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2007). Janet Raynor is an independent consultant in education.

3 Dec 2009: southern and middle Ghana. Within each of these zones, the two districts were selected2. ... centres where socio-economic conditions are better. The Ghana Female Teacher Study also reveals a.

3 Dec 2009: countries. The economics of education literature presents the various theories that drive the international. ... Financial assistance is. linked to broader political and economic agendas. Multilateral and bilateral institutions affect policy.

3 Dec 2009: Geeta KingdonInstitute of Education, University of London. Mohd. MuzammilDepartment of Economics, Lucknow University. ... primary education, this seems inequitable. Since it is mainly middle and secondary schools that.

3 Dec 2009: human capital. The arguments here are not merely economic (though that remains an important. ... with significant economic and socio-cultural dimensions (Elwan, 1999).9 Not only does disability.