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22 Jul 2021: It is crucial for trust in an exam’s results that any automated spo-ken language assessment (SLA) system is unbiased. ... In other words,the system should be insensitive to factors that should not affect thecandidate’s exam score (e.g.

16 Jun 2008: For exam-ple, in the limit as the noise masks the speech, the correlationpattern will be that of the noise.

20 Feb 2018: For exam-ple both goal-oriented dialogue systems (Wen et al., 2017;Bordes & Weston, 2017) and sequence-to-sequence learn-ing chatbots (Vinyals & Le, 2015; Shang et al., 2015; Ser-ban

15 Jun 2018: kate.knill,mjfg,kk492,ar527,yw396}@eng.cam.ac.uk. Abstract. Automatic systems for practice and exams are essential to sup-port the growing worldwide demand for learning English as anadditional

22 Nov 2006: It does this by maximising the geometric margin – the dis-tance between the decision boundary and the closest training exam-ples – between classes.

3 Jul 2018: 2 Motivation and Related Work. To introduce the terminology that will be used inthis work and to illustrate the necessity of adequatemodelling of relations, Figure 1 shows an exam-ple dialogue

20 Oct 2022: Givedetails of an algorithm that can be used. Suitable past Tripos questions: Q1 on all exams 2000-2022.

11 Jan 2008: Take a mixture LM used in an ASR system as an exam-ple.

20 Feb 2018: This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attachedcopy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial researchand education use, including for instruction at the authors institution. and sharing with colleagues. Other uses

10 Nov 2015: Therefore the overall procedure is. 1. Initialise the parameters of the mixture, θ(0), - for exam-ple set all component priors to be equal, all variances tobe equal, and use different