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31 May 2024: 6. Black Holes. Black holes are among the most enigmatic objects in the universe. They are described. by deceptively simple solutions to the Einstein equations, yet hold a host of insights. and surprises, from the meaning of causal structure, to

26 Jun 2024: in Figure 20. In the rest of this section, we will describe the basics of neutrino masses. ... As we saw in. Section 5, we label the three generations of leptons as (5.20),.

12 Jun 2024: solve this in conjunction with (4.20) but here it will turn out, somewhat fortuitously,. ... that if we just find the obvious solution to (4.20) then it solves rB = 0 automatically.

26 Jun 2024: 20 –. If we do interpret (2.6) as the energy of the particle, we should probably compare it. ... tem in Nature are described by the Hamiltonian (2.20). (There are exceptions.

26 Jun 2024: 122log. 2. UV. µ2. (3.20). This tells us that the charge of the electron gets eectively smaller as we look at larger.

26 Jun 2024: the emitted light,. 0 =a(t0). a(t1)1 =. 1. a(t1)(1.20). This is intuitive: the light is stretched by the expansion of space as it travels through. ... long journey. If they are emitted with frequency 1 then, from (1.20), they arrive with.

26 Jun 2024: This is achieved by the so-called hedgehog ansatz,. USkyrme(x) = exp (if(r) x̂) = cos f(r) i x̂ sin f(r) (5.20). ... a spatial and flavour rotation. The subgroup of (5.21) which acts non-trivially on the Skyrmion solution (5.20).

31 May 2024: which it couples to the new term Aµ(x). It’s simple to check that the action (1.20). ... 1.20) is determined by the Maxwell equation. We will describe the Einstein equations.

26 Jun 2024: 4.20). Meanwhile, for the anti-fundamental representation N̄, which we denote as , we haveA() = 1.

26 Jun 2024: SWilson =. 2N. X. W W. †. (4.20). Because we’re in Euclidean spacetime, the parameter plays the same role as the in-. ... Only the plaquettes of a specific orientation. in the Wilson action (4.20) will contribute (e.g.