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8 Sep 2001: Some scrap is always produced and cannot be directly recycled. Economics.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. The basic equipment cost is low - from £500 to £3,000; automation and higher temperature furnaces can increase this a lot. ... The labour intensive nature of the process mean it is usually only economic for small batches, although dedicated

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Cycle time is limited by heat conduction out of the mould, so increases dramatically for larger wall thicknesses. ... The long cycle times usually limit economic batch sizes to between 500 and 10,000.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. For making stock items, rolling has few competitors.For this reason, it is usually performed by the foundries before passing on to customers for further processing. ... For long shaped sections, rolling is the only viable option for larger

8 Sep 2001: Overview. Prototyping is the making of a test component before full manufacture begins.

8 Sep 2001: filter, bearings). Economics. The machinery is expensive, and can cost well over £100,000. ... Tends only to be economic for large batches (50,000+) or processing high-strength alloys.

8 Sep 2001: Near-net-shape process, only the ends of the extrusion are wasted. Economics. ... Because of the high costs, it is usually only economic to produce lengths over 10km - although there is little competition for many of the possible shapes.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Milling machines vary in price from £1,000 to £1,000,000. Milling is generally a very slow way to produce a component - but it can be economic for prototyping

8 Sep 2001: Cold extrusion is possible for some metals giving better properties. Economics. ... Usually only economic for several thousand metres. Typical products. Tubing. aluminium window frames.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Can be economic for any batch size from one-offs to mass production (with or without automation).