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3 Dec 2009: Middle East, also boomed in the 1980s, constituting mostly uneducated individuals from rural. ... formation) and prevent economic status from confounding the findings as much as possible.

3 Dec 2009: measures of ‘native ability’ scores from tests (such as the Ravens test) in earnings functions. ... Our tests, however, were administered in Urdu. Therefore, these people’s inability to comprehend the literacy test possibly captured their inability

3 Dec 2009: 4. Progressive Matrices test and tests of numeracy and literacy were also given to each sampled child2. ... Sabot (1990). We adapted these tests to the Pakistani context, reduced the number of questions to test.

3 Dec 2009: Some prominent CSS in elementary education were designed after the introduction of New Economic Policy. ... Source: Economic survey (various years), WPI from Office of the economic adviser, Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

3 Dec 2009: established in two middle schools of each region to serve as a pilot scheme. ... Last cohort admitted. Last cohort graduate. Middle schools closed. JSS JSS not yet begun.

3 Dec 2009: Measuring these economic returns to apprenticeship is a difficult undertaking for three reasons. ... scores on skills tests and the score on the Raven’s test.

3 Dec 2009: explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this. ... sizeable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women’s.

3 Dec 2009: the Ravens Progressive Matrices test. The teacher questionnaire collected information on a range. ... Scholastic Achievement”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(2): 533-75. Ballou, D. (2001).

3 Dec 2009: to parental household welfare post-marriage in patrilineal societies.1 More generally, we test whether sickness. ... potentially the most compelling explanation in the South African context may be that economic.

3 Dec 2009: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Volume 23, Number 2, 2007, pp.168 – 195. ... India’s recent economic growth rates have generated much optimism about its generalsocial and economic development.