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3 Dec 2009: Centre for Study of African Economies, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, UK. ... quantiles (returns are higher for higher earnings quantiles), in middle-income countries the evidence.

3 Dec 2009: These have been conducted for most middle- and low-income countries more than once since 1992. ... one hand, and a variety of human, social and economic outcomes on the other.

3 Dec 2009: measures of ‘native ability’ scores from tests (such as the Ravens test) in earnings functions. ... Our tests, however, were administered in Urdu. Therefore, these people’s inability to comprehend the literacy test possibly captured their inability

3 Dec 2009: education is not itself sufficient17… The benefit gained from having some middle school education also. ... at all, “there is no significant effect of primary or middle education” (2003, p.

3 Dec 2009: Centre for Study of African Economies, Department of Economics, University of Oxford, UK. ... confirm significant economic returns to literacy for 13 countries on which literacy data were.

3 Dec 2009: established in two middle schools of each region to serve as a pilot scheme. ... Last cohort admitted. Last cohort graduate. Middle schools closed. JSS JSS not yet begun.

3 Dec 2009: Middle East, also boomed in the 1980s, constituting mostly uneducated individuals from rural. ... formation) and prevent economic status from confounding the findings as much as possible.

3 Dec 2009: Measuring these economic returns to apprenticeship is a difficult undertaking for three reasons. ... scores on skills tests and the score on the Raven’s test.

3 Dec 2009: Equally, they have abandoned the idea that what IQ tests measureis raw intelligence, undistorted by differences in environment and oppor-tunity. ... interms of their test results will persist in future tests and examinations.

3 Dec 2009: to parental household welfare post-marriage in patrilineal societies.1 More generally, we test whether sickness. ... potentially the most compelling explanation in the South African context may be that economic.