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Preload and its control. ( following Bickford op cit ). The benefits of high preload were apparent in ( ix) above - tendency towards separation ( or leakage in a pipe joint ) is reduced, fastener loosening ... Ultrasonic measurement of bolt length

In an elastic bolt and nut connected by a number of thread turns, the first 'thread' takes a disproportionate fraction of the total tensile load - Craddock op cit reports the load

Representative values of K. f. are given in Table 6. Shigley op cit reports the correlation between steels' tensile endurance limits S'. ... Gorenc op cit. provides useful information with regard to steel structures, which is applicable to many

o. , but a general result has been obtained by Wileman op cit using finite elements on the basis of D.

Suitable nominal factors of safety for use in elementary design work are as follows :. SUGGESTED SAFETY (DESIGN) FACTORS FOR ELEMENTARY WORK. based on yield strength - according to Juvinall & Marshek op cit.

K. h. should be used in fatigue applications; it is an approximation for the Henrici factor which follows from a more complex elastic analysis as reported in Wahl op cit.

diameter are regressions for data in the Spring Design Manual (op cit) which may be consulted for data on other materials.

Graphs in Sinnott op cit suggest that in very general terms, cost is proportional to diameter.

d. 1. | and is negative if internal. The principal compressive stresses are then given by Shigley (op cit) :. ( 5a) Spheres. Contact zone size. a. 3. =. 3 F d / 8 E. ... Young (op cit) presents a numerical solution for the maximum contact pressure which

Leading models of the design activity include :. The Pahl and Beitz op cit model is typical of Continental practice and subdivides the design phase into three major areas :. concept design: search ... The SEED model (Cross op cit) which is prominent in