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20 Feb 2018: π(b) = F (π̄(f (b)), b) (6). Further explanation of the Summary POMDP methodcan be found in (Williams and Young, 2005). ... π̄(x) = arg maxāĀm. Q(F (ā, b), b) (7). 3 Summarised Q-learning.

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20 Feb 2018: b. (b). a(1) a(3) a(2). z. Fig. 2. POMDP Value function representation: (a) shows exact rep-resentation; (b) shows grid-based representation. ... Map to Summary. Space. m a. b. b. Summary Space. Fig.

20 Feb 2018: u, sd, am)| {z }dialog model. P (p′|p)b(p, sd)| {z }belief refinement. ... m a. b. b. Summary Space. Fig. 3. Overview of Prototype HIS Dialog Manager.

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20 Feb 2018: P(s′|s,a) =P(m′|a)P(l′|l,m,m′,u,u′)P(b′|b,m,m′,u,u′)P(c′|c,m,m′,u,u′) ... 0.8. 1.0. Polic. y speaksilentbackchannel. (b) Overlap. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Time (sec).

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20 Feb 2018: b′ = softmax([h g]{B}). where B is a parameter of the RNN. ... 5. 0. 5. 10. Ave. rage. rew. ard. RNNBNBN (constrained). (b) 30% error rate.

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20 Feb 2018: at every dialogue turn, a distribution of possible dialoguestates called the belief state, b B, an element of belief space, is estimated.The belief state must accurately represent everything that happened ... kB(b,b′) =. h. 〈bh,b′h〉 (7). where bh

20 Feb 2018: Q(b, a) = maxπ. Eπ. (. T. τ=t1. γτt1rτ |bt = b, at = a. ). , ... function,Q(b, a) GP (0, k((b, a), (b, a))) wherethe kernelk(, ) is factored into separate kernels over thesummary state and action spaceskB(b, b)kA(a, a).

20 Feb 2018: b is a learnable constant andb(st) = MLP(st). During training, the two baselines areupdated by minimising the distance,. ... Lb =[r(mt,z. (n)t ,st) b b(st). ]2(16). and the gradient w.r.t.

5 Feb 2019: t. (b) confusion network, lattice. Fig. 1: Bi-directional neural networks for confidence estimation. ... ct = σ(w(c)Tht b. (c)) (2). where wc and b(b) are a parameter vector and a bias, σ is any non-linearity that maps confidence score into the

20 Feb 2018: Finally, the belief distribution b is updatedbased on o′ and am as follows:. ... m a. b. b. Summary Space. Figure 2: Overview of the HIS system dialogue cycle.

20 Feb 2018: At each time-step,b isupdated asb′(s′) = η P (o′|s′, a). s P (s. ... b. best rest. b. b. CAM EDI LON. b. best rest.