Search

Search Funnelback University

Search powered by Funnelback
81 - 130 of 135 search results for People aliens |u:www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk where 1 match all words and 134 match some words.
  1. Results that match 1 of 2 words

  2. Independent Review of the Human Rights Act: Webinar | Centre for…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/events/2021/06/independent-review-human-rights-act-webinar
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Independent Review of the Human Rights Act: Webinar. Events for. M. T. W. T. F. S. S. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Wednesday, 2
  3. The UK Constitution after Miller: Brexit and Beyond | Centre for…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2018/07/uk-constitution-after-miller-brexit-and-beyond
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. The UK Constitution after Miller: Brexit and Beyond. News Articles. Thursday, 26 July 2018. . Hart Publishing, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing, has published The UK Constitution after Miller: Brexit and Beyond
  4. Professor Alison Young Awarded Honorary Doctor of Laws | Centre for…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2023/09/professor-alison-young-awarded-honorary-doctor-laws
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Professor Alison Young Awarded Honorary Doctor of Laws. News Articles. Wednesday, 13 September 2023. The Sir David Williams Professor of Public Law Alison Young (Robinson College) was yesterday made Honorary
  5. CELS/CPL/LCIL webinar: Rapid response on the UK Internal Market Bill…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/events/2020/09/rapid-response-seminar-uk-internal-market-bill
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. CELS/CPL/LCIL webinar: Rapid response on the UK Internal Market Bill. Events for. M. T. W. T. F. S. S. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
  6. Mark Elliott speaks before Parliamentary Constitution Committee |…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2020/09/mark-elliott-speaks-parliamentary-constitution-committee
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Mark Elliott speaks before Parliamentary Constitution Committee. News Articles. Wednesday, 23 September 2020. . The Chair of the Faculty Professor Mark Elliott was invited to give evidence before the House of
  7. Barnard and Young contribute to 'Parliament and Brexit'…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2020/03/barnard-and-young-contribute-parliament-and-brexit-report
    25 Jul 2024: live address to the British people.
  8. Turpin and Tomkins' British Government and the Constitution |…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2021/03/turpin-and-tomkins-british-government-and-constitution
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Turpin and Tomkins' British Government and the Constitution. News Articles. Wednesday, 7 April 2021. . Cambridge University Press has published the eighth edition of Turpin and Tomkins' British Government and
  9. The Constitution of Social Democracy: Essays in Honour of Keith Ewing …

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2020/07/constitution-social-democracy-essays-honour-keith-ewing
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. The Constitution of Social Democracy: Essays in Honour of Keith Ewing. News Articles. Wednesday, 15 July 2020. . Hart Publishing, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing, has published The Constitution of Social
  10. European Human Rights Law Conference 2023 Call for papers | Centre…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2023/05/european-human-rights-law-conference-2023-call-papers
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. European Human Rights Law Conference 2023 Call for papers. News Articles. Friday, 2 June 2023. The 2023 European Human Rights Law Conference is being held at the University of Cambridge Faculty of Law from 28
  11. Professor Christopher Forsyth awarded QC honoris causa | Centre for…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2020/12/professor-christopher-forsyth-awarded-qc-honoris-causa
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Professor Christopher Forsyth awarded QC honoris causa. News Articles. Friday, 18 December 2020. The Ministry of Justice today announced the appointment of 116 new Queen's Counsel and 6 Honorary Queen's Counsel,
  12. CELS/CPL Response to consultation paper on retained EU case law |…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2020/08/celscpl-response-consultation-paper-retained-eu-case-law
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. CELS/CPL Response to consultation paper on retained EU case law. News Articles. Monday, 24 August 2020. Members of the Cambridge Centre for European Legal Studies (CELS) and Centre for Public Law (CPL) have
  13. Call for Papers: 'Human Rights and Northern Ireland' Workshop …

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2024/01/call-papers-human-rights-and-northern-ireland-workshop
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Call for Papers: 'Human Rights and Northern Ireland' Workshop. News Articles. Friday, 19 January 2024. The Human Rights Centre at Queen’s University Belfast and the Centre for Public Law at the University of
  14. Law and Race talks: 'Discrimination, Disproportionality, and…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/events/2022/10/law-and-race-talks-race-and-criminal-justice-system
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Law and Race talks: 'Discrimination, Disproportionality, and Black Deaths in Custody'. Events for. M. T. W. T. F. S. S. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
  15. Alison Young gives evidence to the Joint Committee on Human Rights |…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2022/01/alison-young-gives-evidence-joint-committee-human-rights
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Alison Young gives evidence to the Joint Committee on Human Rights. News Articles. Friday, 28 January 2022. . On Wednesday Professor Alison Young gave evidence to the Joint Committee on Human Rights, alongside
  16. Constitutional Law Matters: 'Who’s in charge of the Westminster…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/events/2021/10/constitutional-law-matters-whos-charge-westminster-parliament
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Constitutional Law Matters: 'Who’s in charge of the Westminster Parliament?'. Events for. M. T. W. T. F. S. S. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.
  17. CPL Symposium: 'Ouster Clauses from Enactment to Interpretation:…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/events/2018/10/centre-public-law-symposium-privacy-international-litigation
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. CPL Symposium: 'Ouster Clauses from Enactment to Interpretation: The 'Privacy International' Litigation'. Events for. M. T. W. T. F. S. S. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
  18. The Foundations and Future of Public Law: Essays in Honour of Paul…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2020/02/foundations-and-future-public-law-essays-honour-paul-craig
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. The Foundations and Future of Public Law: Essays in Honour of Paul Craig. News Articles. Wednesday, 5 February 2020. . Oxford University Press has published The Foundations and Future of Public Law: Essays in
  19. Alison Young elected to the Ganshof van der Meersch Visiting Chair |…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2020/02/alison-young-elected-ganshof-van-der-meersch-visiting-chair
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Alison Young elected to the Ganshof van der Meersch Visiting Chair. News Articles. Thursday, 6 February 2020. . The Director of Centre for Public Law (CPL) Professor Alison Young has been elected to the Ganshof
  20. Alison Young provides evidence to the parliamentary Committee of…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2021/11/alison-young-provides-evidence-parliamentary-committee-privileges
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Alison Young provides evidence to the parliamentary Committee of Privileges. News Articles. Friday, 5 November 2021. . The Faculty's Professor Alison Young gave evidence last week before the parliamentary
  21. Law in Focus: 'Has the UK Supreme Court stopped Scottish…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2022/11/law-focus-has-uk-supreme-court-stopped-scottish-independence
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Law in Focus: 'Has the UK Supreme Court stopped Scottish Independence?'. News Articles. Wednesday, 30 November 2022. On the 23rd November the UK Supreme court decided that the Scottish Parliament did not have the
  22. Alison Young provides evidence to the House of Lords Constitution…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2020/11/alison-young-provides-evidence-house-lords-constitution-commitee
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Alison Young provides evidence to the House of Lords Constitution Commitee. News Articles. Thursday, 19 November 2020. . The Faculty's Professor Alison Young gave evidence yesterday before the House of Lords
  23. 2nd Cambridge-Monckton Chambers Roundtable: 'The Article 50…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/events/2016/11/2nd-cambridge-monckton-chambers-roundtable-article-50-litigation
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. 2nd Cambridge-Monckton Chambers Roundtable: 'The Article 50 Litigation'. Events for. M. T. W. T. F. S. S. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.
  24. Cambridge team wins European Human Rights Moot Court Competition |…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2016/03/cambridge-team-wins-european-human-rights-moot-court-competition
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Cambridge team wins European Human Rights Moot Court Competition. News Articles. Wednesday, 2 March 2016. Photo courtesy of the Council of Europe. The Cambridge LLM human rights moot team recently competed in, and
  25. The Unity of Public Law? Doctrinal, Theoretical and Comparative…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2018/03/unity-public-law-doctrinal-theoretical-and-comparative-perspectives
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. The Unity of Public Law? Doctrinal, Theoretical and Comparative Perspectives. News Articles. Thursday, 19 April 2018. . Hart Publishing, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing, has published The Unity of Public Law?
  26. Centre for Public Law: Submission to the Independent Human Rights Act …

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2021/03/centre-public-law-submission-independent-human-rights-act-review
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Centre for Public Law: Submission to the Independent Human Rights Act Review. News Articles. Thursday, 4 March 2021. . The Independent Human Rights Act Review has been tasked with reviewing the Human Rights Act
  27. Alison Young provides evidence to the UK Parliament Human Rights…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2020/10/alison-young-provides-evidence-uk-parliament-human-rights-committee
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Alison Young provides evidence to the UK Parliament Human Rights Committee. News Articles. Friday, 16 October 2020. . Earlier this week the Faculty's Professor Alison Young gave evidence before the Joint Committee
  28. 'Implementing Transition': Faculty Centres publish Brexit…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2017/10/implementing-transition-faculty-centres-publish-brexit-briefing-paper
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Implementing Transition': Faculty Centres publish Brexit briefing paper. News Articles. Monday, 16 October 2017. . The Faculty of Law's Centre for European Legal Studies and Centre for Public Law have today
  29. CPL Conference: 'Dicey’s Lost Lectures on Comparative…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/events/2014/05/cpl-conference-diceys-lost-lectures-comparative-constitutionalism/2650
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. CPL Conference: 'Dicey’s Lost Lectures on Comparative Constitutionalism'. Events for. M. T. W. T. F. S. S. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.
  30. Soterios Loizou wins international dispute resolution writing…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2017/05/soterios-loizou-wins-international-dispute-resolution-writing-competition
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Soterios Loizou wins international dispute resolution writing competition. News Articles. Wednesday, 24 May 2017. Faculty PhD student Soterios Loizou has been awarded the first prize at the international student
  31. Constitutional Law Matters: Promoting public understanding of the UK…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2021/05/constitutional-law-matters-promoting-public-understanding-uk-constitution
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Constitutional Law Matters: Promoting public understanding of the UK constitution. News Articles. Friday, 28 May 2021. During the academic year 2021-22, the Centre for Public Law will be undertaking a new project
  32. Unchecked Power?: How Recent Constitutional Reforms Are Threatening…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2023/12/unchecked-power-how-recent-constitutional-reforms-are-threatening-uk-democracy
    25 Jul 2024: Is the government really acting for the people? Or does this rhetoric simply justify an executive power-grab? ... British people than with following the rules or listening to Parliament.
  33. Cheryl Saunders Delivers 2015 David Williams Lecture on…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2015/03/cheryl-saunders-delivers-2015-david-williams-lecture-devolution-federation
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Cheryl Saunders Delivers 2015 David Williams Lecture on 'Devolution. Federation. Constitution. From here to where?'. News Articles. Thursday, 5 March 2015. On Friday 27 February 2015 Laureate Professor Cheryl
  34. CPL plans further Independent Human Rights Act Review (IHRAR)…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2022/01/cpl-plans-further-independent-human-rights-act-review-ihrar-submission
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. CPL plans further Independent Human Rights Act Review (IHRAR) submission. News Articles. Thursday, 20 January 2022. On 14 December 2021, the Independent Human Rights Act Review (IHRAR) published its report on the
  35. Law in Focus: 'John Worboys: Judicial Review of the Parole…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2018/02/law-focus-john-worboys-judicial-review-parole-board-christopher-forsyth
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Law in Focus: 'John Worboys: Judicial Review of the Parole Board' - Christopher Forsyth. News Articles. Wednesday, 21 February 2018. In January 2018 it was reported that the Parole Board had approved the release
  36. Jonathan Morgan and David Feldman provide evidence to parliamentary…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2021/11/jonathan-morgan-and-david-feldman-provide-evidence-parliamentary-public-bill
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Jonathan Morgan and David Feldman provide evidence to parliamentary Public Bill Committee. News Articles. Friday, 5 November 2021. . The Faculty's Professor David Feldman and Dr Jonathan Morgan gave evidence on
  37. Alison Young and Catherine Barnard provide evidence to parliamentary…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2022/11/alison-young-and-catherine-barnard-provide-evidence-parliamentary-committees
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Alison Young and Catherine Barnard provide evidence to parliamentary committees on retained EU law. News Articles. Friday, 11 November 2022. . The Faculty's Professor Alison Young and Professor Catherine Barnard
  38. Yorke Distinguished Visiting Fellows Seminars: 'Lord Carnwath -…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/events/2022/11/yorke-distinguished-visiting-fellows-seminars-lord-carnwath-privacy-international
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Yorke Distinguished Visiting Fellows Seminars: 'Lord Carnwath - Privacy International'. Events for. M. T. W. T. F. S. S. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
  39. The Rt Hon. Beverley McLachlin delivers 2018 David Williams Lecture…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2018/10/rt-hon-beverley-mclachlin-delivers-2018-david-williams-lecture-reflections-rule
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. The Rt Hon. Beverley McLachlin delivers 2018 David Williams Lecture on 'Reflections on the Rule of Law in a Dangerous World'. News Articles. Tuesday, 23 October 2018. On Friday 19 October 2018, The Rt Hon.
  40. Professor Alison Young appointed legal advisor to the House of Lords…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2021/07/professor-alison-young-appointed-legal-advisor-house-lords-constitution-committee
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Professor Alison Young appointed legal advisor to the House of Lords Constitution Committee. News Articles. Monday, 26 July 2021. . Professor Alison Young has been appointed legal advisor to the House of Lords
  41. Professor Alison Young Appointed Law Commissioner for Public Law and…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2023/11/professor-alison-young-appointed-law-commissioner-public-law-and-law-wales
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Professor Alison Young Appointed Law Commissioner for Public Law and the Law in Wales. News Articles. Tuesday, 7 November 2023. The Faculty is proud to announce that Professor Alison Young (Robinson College) will
  42. Professor David Feldman delivers 2022 David Williams Lecture on…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2022/05/professor-david-feldman-delivers-2022-david-williams-lecture-white-water-rafting
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Professor David Feldman delivers 2022 David Williams Lecture on 'White water rafting: The UK's constitutions at a time of stress'. News Articles. Tuesday, 10 May 2022. On Friday 6 May 2022, Professor David Feldman
  43. Cambridge and Oxford Law Faculties host Independent Human Rights Act…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2021/06/cambridge-and-oxford-law-faculties-host-independent-human-rights-act-review
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Cambridge and Oxford Law Faculties host Independent Human Rights Act Review virtual roadshow event. News Articles. Thursday, 3 June 2021. The Faculty of Law at Cambridge, jointly with the University of Oxford’s
  44. Law in Focus: 'Does the Northern Ireland Protocol Bill breach…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2022/06/law-focus-does-northern-ireland-protocol-bill-breach-international-law-mark
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Law in Focus: 'Does the Northern Ireland Protocol Bill breach international law?' - Mark Elliott. News Articles. Friday, 17 June 2022. On Monday 13 June, the UK Government published the text of the proposed
  45. CELS/CPL webinar: Rapid response on the proposed UK Northern Ireland…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/events/2022/05/celscpllcil-webinar-rapid-response-proposed-uk-northern-ireland-protocol-bill
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. CELS/CPL webinar: Rapid response on the proposed UK Northern Ireland Protocol Bill. Events for. M. T. W. T. F. S. S. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
  46. Professor Kate O'Regan delivers 2023 David Williams Lecture on…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2023/05/professor-kate-oregan-delivers-2023-david-williams-lecture-craft-constitutional
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Professor Kate O'Regan delivers 2023 David Williams Lecture on 'The Craft of Constitutional Adjudication'. News Articles. Tuesday, 9 May 2023. On Thursday 4 May 2023, Professor Kate O'Regan (University of Oxford)
  47. Second Brexit briefing paper: 'Brexit and EU Nationals: Options…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2017/12/second-brexit-briefing-paper-brexit-and-eu-nationals-options-implementation-uk
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Second Brexit briefing paper: 'Brexit and EU Nationals: Options for Implementation in UK Law'. News Articles. Thursday, 7 December 2017. . The Faculty of Law's Centre for European Legal Studies and Centre for
  48. Law in Focus: 'Why was the Rwanda Agreement unlawful, and will…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2023/11/law-focus-why-was-rwanda-agreement-unlawful-and-will-withdrawal-echr-resolve
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Law in Focus: 'Why was the Rwanda Agreement unlawful, and will withdrawal from the ECHR resolve this?'. News Articles. Friday, 17 November 2023. On the 15 November the UK Supreme Court decided that the United
  49. CPL Seminar: 'European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 and…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/events/2020/02/cpl-seminar-european-union-withdrawal-agreement-act-2020-and-delegated-powers
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. CPL Seminar: 'European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020 and delegated powers'. Events for. M. T. W. T. F. S. S. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
  50. Lady Brenda Hale delivers 2019 David Williams Lecture on…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2019/10/lady-brenda-hale-delivers-2019-david-williams-lecture-principle-and-pragmatism
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Lady Brenda Hale delivers 2019 David Williams Lecture on 'Principle and Pragmatism in Public Law'. News Articles. Tuesday, 22 October 2019. On Friday 18 October 2019, Lady Brenda Hale delivered the 2019 CPL Sir
  51. Sir Rabinder Singh delivers 2017 David Williams Lecture on…

    https://www.cpl.law.cam.ac.uk/press/news/2017/03/sir-rabinder-singh-delivers-2017-david-williams-lecture-divided-common-language
    25 Jul 2024: Search site. Centre for Public Law. Sir Rabinder Singh delivers 2017 David Williams Lecture on 'Divided by a common language: British and American perspectives on Constitutional Law'. News Articles. Monday, 13 March 2017. On Friday 24 February 2017,

Refine your results

Search history

Recently clicked results

Recently clicked results

Your click history is empty.

Recent searches

Recent searches

Your search history is empty.