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8 Sep 2001: Economics. To reduce costs, several parts are often moulded together on a "tree-like" structure; parts can then be separated after moulding. ... Injection moulding is only economic for batches of 10,000 - 100,000 or more and so is usually automated.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Cycle time is limited by heat conduction out of the mould, so increases dramatically for larger wall thicknesses. ... The long cycle times usually limit economic batch sizes to between 500 and 10,000.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Can be economic for any batch size from one-offs to mass production (with or without automation).

8 Sep 2001: Economics. It is normal to try to reduce the amount of drilling required in a component by careful design - but when an accurate hole is required, drilling has little competition.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. On an industrial scale, the wear on grinding equipment is significant and this adds greatly to the cost.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. The use of dedicated lathes for metal turning is rare on an industrial scale, except for prototyping.

8 Sep 2001: filter, bearings). Economics. The machinery is expensive, and can cost well over £100,000. ... Tends only to be economic for large batches (50,000+) or processing high-strength alloys.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. The production speed is limited by opening and closing the mould, so automation is normally used.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Cycle time is limited by heating and cooling of the sheet.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Production rates and costs strongly depend on the type of process and the size of component.

8 Sep 2001: Overview. Prototyping is the making of a test component before full manufacture begins.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Production rate is limited by the insertion and removal of the blank, so some form of automation is often used.

8 Sep 2001: Some scrap is always produced and cannot be directly recycled. Economics.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. If possible, avoid cutting! A surprising number of designs involve a cutting process followed by a joining process.

7 Sep 2001: it is the same whatever the size of the test-piece. Many applications require stiff materials, e.g.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Basic equipment costs around £10,000, but automation can increase this significantly.

8 Sep 2001: cured). Economics. There are few composite forming processes, and the decision of which to use is normally determined first by shape and type of fibre (chopped or continuous), and then by

7 Sep 2001: Young's modulus measures stiffness and is a material constant, i.e. it is the same whatever the size of the test-piece.

8 Sep 2001: As a result, a self-quench is usually sufficient. The equipment is very expensive and not economic for large surfaces, but automation is straightforward and very precise control can be achieved.

5 Sep 2001: important and could be assessed by a tensile test to measure elastic deformation before failure. ... supported beam of the test material (un-notched, or notched underneath on the tensile edge) – by.