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8 Sep 2001: Economics. Equipment is generally low cost, except where automation is used. ... Wave soldering is the most economic means of soldering large batches of printed circuit boards.

30 Jan 2002: Speed is critical is disassembly is to be economic. In general, the more different materials used in a product, the harder it will be to recycle them.

8 Sep 2001: Cold extrusion is possible for some metals giving better properties. Economics. ... Usually only economic for several thousand metres. Typical products. Tubing. aluminium window frames.

30 Jan 2002: A series of tests are carried out with the specimens in a furnace.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. The machinery is expensive, and can cost well over £100,000. ... Because of the high capital cost, the process is only economic for batches of 100,000+.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. The basic equipment cost is low - from £500 to £3,000; automation and higher temperature furnaces can increase this a lot. ... The labour intensive nature of the process mean it is usually only economic for small batches, although dedicated

20 Jan 2000: Every product is designed in a particular way - product analysis enables us to understand the important materials, processing, economic and aesthetic decisions which are required before any product can be manufactured. ... Choose a suitable process that

7 Sep 2001: Simple Questions. Why is it economic to recycle aluminium cans but less so for steel ones? ... Why will new reserves of minerals/oil which are not now economic to mine become economic in the future?

8 Sep 2001: Near-net-shape process, only the ends of the extrusion are wasted. Economics. ... Because of the high costs, it is usually only economic to produce lengths over 10km - although there is little competition for many of the possible shapes.

5 Sep 2001: Devising simple material tests is an important aspect of appreciating which properties are important in a design, and the challenges in obtaining meaningful, relevant material data.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. The production cycle is slow: usually only 1-5 castings can be made an hour, depending on the size. ... Although the setup costs are low, the low manual production rate means that only batch sizes of up to 50 are economic; this can rise to a

8 Sep 2001: In addition to these processes, there are a variety of "hot processes" such as welding and brazing which can often provide stronger and more economic joints for metal parts.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Cycle time is limited by heat transfer, or curing time and is usually over 1 minute. ... The low production rate means that it is only usually economic for batch sizes in the tens of thousands.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. To reduce costs, several parts are often moulded together on a "tree-like" structure; parts can then be separated after moulding. ... Injection moulding is only economic for batches of 10,000 - 100,000 or more and so is usually automated.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. It is normal to try to reduce the amount of drilling required in a component by careful design - but when an accurate hole is required, drilling has little competition.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Cycle time is limited by heat conduction out of the mould, so increases dramatically for larger wall thicknesses. ... The long cycle times usually limit economic batch sizes to between 500 and 10,000.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Can be economic for any batch size from one-offs to mass production (with or without automation).

8 Sep 2001: Economics. On an industrial scale, the wear on grinding equipment is significant and this adds greatly to the cost.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. The use of dedicated lathes for metal turning is rare on an industrial scale, except for prototyping.

8 Sep 2001: filter, bearings). Economics. The machinery is expensive, and can cost well over £100,000. ... Tends only to be economic for large batches (50,000+) or processing high-strength alloys.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. The production speed is limited by opening and closing the mould, so automation is normally used.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Cycle time is limited by heating and cooling of the sheet.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Production rates and costs strongly depend on the type of process and the size of component.

8 Sep 2001: Overview. Prototyping is the making of a test component before full manufacture begins.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Production rate is limited by the insertion and removal of the blank, so some form of automation is often used.

8 Sep 2001: Some scrap is always produced and cannot be directly recycled. Economics.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. If possible, avoid cutting! A surprising number of designs involve a cutting process followed by a joining process.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Basic equipment costs around £10,000, but automation can increase this significantly.

7 Sep 2001: it is the same whatever the size of the test-piece. Many applications require stiff materials, e.g.

8 Sep 2001: cured). Economics. There are few composite forming processes, and the decision of which to use is normally determined first by shape and type of fibre (chopped or continuous), and then by

8 Sep 2001: As a result, a self-quench is usually sufficient. The equipment is very expensive and not economic for large surfaces, but automation is straightforward and very precise control can be achieved.

7 Sep 2001: Young's modulus measures stiffness and is a material constant, i.e. it is the same whatever the size of the test-piece.

11 May 2000: Design a test to rank various materials inorder of their wear resistance. ... Tip: use a very strong materialto sli de against your test materials.

5 Sep 2001: important and could be assessed by a tensile test to measure elastic deformation before failure. ... supported beam of the test material (un-notched, or notched underneath on the tensile edge) – by.

11 May 2000: Devise a test to compare the impact resistanceof different polymers like polystyrene foam,PMM A (also known as Perspex) andpol yethylene.

11 May 2000: Devise a test for comparing the tearresistance of different fabrics. It is onlynecessary to rank the fabrics in order of tearresistance, rather than to get a numericalvalue for each.

11 May 2000: Design a test to see how long polymerscan be held above their maximumservice temperature.

19 May 2000: Coll ect samples of many different typesof rubber bands and test the amount ofelongation before fail ure.

11 May 2000: It isnot economic to use standard processes such as turning –so another approach is needed.