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8 Sep 2001: Economics. Milling machines vary in price from £1,000 to £1,000,000. Milling is generally a very slow way to produce a component - but it can be economic for prototyping

8 Sep 2001: Economics. The machinery is expensive, and can cost well over £100,000 for HIPing. ... Because there is little competition, can be economic for small batches (1,000+) - although still not cheap!

4 Sep 2001: It is not economic to use standard processes such as turning - so another approach is needed.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. For making stock items, rolling has few competitors.For this reason, it is usually performed by the foundries before passing on to customers for further processing. ... For long shaped sections, rolling is the only viable option for larger

8 Sep 2001: However, the production rate is slow so it is only economic for one-off jobs, repair work and difficult access situations. ... Joining of sheet (e.g. car body panels) is usually more economic by other welding processes such as spot welding.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Equipment is generally low cost, except where automation is used. ... Wave soldering is the most economic means of soldering large batches of printed circuit boards.

8 Sep 2001: Cold extrusion is possible for some metals giving better properties. Economics. ... Usually only economic for several thousand metres. Typical products. Tubing. aluminium window frames.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. The machinery is expensive, and can cost well over £100,000. ... Because of the high capital cost, the process is only economic for batches of 100,000+.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. The basic equipment cost is low - from £500 to £3,000; automation and higher temperature furnaces can increase this a lot. ... The labour intensive nature of the process mean it is usually only economic for small batches, although dedicated

7 Sep 2001: Simple Questions. Why is it economic to recycle aluminium cans but less so for steel ones? ... Why will new reserves of minerals/oil which are not now economic to mine become economic in the future?

8 Sep 2001: Near-net-shape process, only the ends of the extrusion are wasted. Economics. ... Because of the high costs, it is usually only economic to produce lengths over 10km - although there is little competition for many of the possible shapes.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. The production cycle is slow: usually only 1-5 castings can be made an hour, depending on the size. ... Although the setup costs are low, the low manual production rate means that only batch sizes of up to 50 are economic; this can rise to a

8 Sep 2001: In addition to these processes, there are a variety of "hot processes" such as welding and brazing which can often provide stronger and more economic joints for metal parts.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Cycle time is limited by heat transfer, or curing time and is usually over 1 minute. ... The low production rate means that it is only usually economic for batch sizes in the tens of thousands.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. To reduce costs, several parts are often moulded together on a "tree-like" structure; parts can then be separated after moulding. ... Injection moulding is only economic for batches of 10,000 - 100,000 or more and so is usually automated.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Cycle time is limited by heat conduction out of the mould, so increases dramatically for larger wall thicknesses. ... The long cycle times usually limit economic batch sizes to between 500 and 10,000.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. Can be economic for any batch size from one-offs to mass production (with or without automation).

8 Sep 2001: Economics. It is normal to try to reduce the amount of drilling required in a component by careful design - but when an accurate hole is required, drilling has little competition.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. On an industrial scale, the wear on grinding equipment is significant and this adds greatly to the cost.

8 Sep 2001: Economics. The use of dedicated lathes for metal turning is rare on an industrial scale, except for prototyping.