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10 Oct 2023: b) Now let X and Y be jointly Gaussian random vectors such that Cov(X) is positivedefinite. ... Let Q bethe equivalent probability measure such that dQ. dP eX.

28 Oct 2023: functionf : (X,w) [0, 1] such that f(p) = 1 and f = 0 on C. ... Showthat (K,M,µ1) is the completion of (K,B,µ). 19. Let X be a real or complex vector space with a topology such that addition, scalarmultiplication are continuous, and

10 Oct 2023: n such that Ax = 0.• There exists a y Rm with (AT y)i 0 for all i = 1,. , ... Make this assumption for the rest of the problem.(b) Why must there exist an equivalent measure Q such that 1.

25 Feb 2024: c) Give an example of a sequence {𝜙 𝑗}𝑗=1 𝐶𝑐 (R𝑛) such that. ... Deduce thatR𝑚𝜓(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢[Ψ], where Ψ(𝑥) =. R𝑚𝜙(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦. b) Show that there exists a sequence of smooth functions 𝑓𝑛 𝐶𝑐

7 Oct 2023: g : C such that |g| = 1 |ν|-a.e. and |ν|(A) =Ag dν for all A F. ... Recall thatµ and ν2 are said to be orthogonal if there is a measurable partition = AB such thatµ(B) = |ν2|(A) = 0.].

31 Jan 2024: 8. Let t1, t2,. be propositions such that, for every valuation v, there exists n N withv(tn) = 1. ... Show that there is a proposition b, inwhich the only primitive propositions appearing are those that appear in both a and c,such that a b and b c.

17 Jan 2024: b) We say that a measurable 𝑓 : R𝑛 C is in weak-𝐿𝑝(R𝑛), written 𝑓 𝐿𝑝,𝑤 (R𝑛) if there exists aconstant 𝐶 such that. |{ ... Deduce 𝑁𝑖=1. 𝐵𝑖. 6 3𝑛 𝑘︁𝑗=1. 𝐵𝑖𝑗. b) () Suppose {𝐵 𝑗 : 𝑗

14 Nov 2023: Show that spanwB =. (B). for B X.Deduce that a w-closed subspace Y of X is a dual space: there is a normedspace Z such that Y = Z. ... Note that such a linear map is bounded.) Show that forT B(X,Y ) the following are all equivalent to T being weakly

11 Oct 2023: algebra. 1.2. Show that the following sets of subsets of R all generate the same σ-algebra:(a) {(a,b) : a < b}, (b) {(a,b] : a < b}, (c) {(,b] : b ... an,bn] such that the Lebesgue measure of A4B(= (Ac B) (ABc)) is less than ε.

17 Jul 2023: a) Show that the unique minimizer is x = 0. (b) Find constants 0 < m < M and L > 0 such that m f ′′(x) M and |f ′′′(x)| L for all x. ... Given constants b1, b2 such that b1 eb2 0 use the Lagrangian method to.

24 Nov 2023: If A is the matrix of the first of these (say), find a non-singular matrix P such that PT AP is diagonalwith entries 1. ... an be real numbers such that a1 an = 0 and a21 a2n = 1.

8 Nov 2023: 12. (a) Show that if x ̸= y are vectors in the finite dimensional vector space V , then there is a linear func-tional θ V such that θ(x) ̸= ... Let A, B V. Prove that A B if and only if Ao Bo.Show that A = V if and only if Ao = {0}.

23 Oct 2023: Show that:. (a) There is a nondeterministic automaton N with n 1 states such that L(N) = Ln and(b) if D is a deterministic automaton with fewer than 2n states, ... Prove that there is a proper excerpt e of v such that xey L.

28 Nov 2023: Operator-valued measures. A resolution of the identity of H over K is amap P : B B(H) such that. ... over K. Then there is an isometric, unital -isomorphism Φ of L(P) onto acommutative, unital C-subalgebra of B(H) such that.

11 Mar 2024: Proof 2: more words. Let ϵ > 0. Choose N N such that N > 1/ϵ2. ... f1 When f : A B is a function, and C is a subset of B, thesymbol f1(C) denotes the preimage of the set C: the set ofelements a A such

23 May 2024: Tho15, Lemma 2.8]):. Lemma 2.11. There exists a non-zero N0 OF such that for all primes p and for all b B(Op) wehave N0 κb V (Op). ... There exists b′ B(Op) such that ordp (b tb′) = 1,where t is a uniformiser of Op.

29 Sep 2023: The discriminant = (a, b)=16(4a327b2)is non-zero. Conversely, for any pair (a, b) O2K such that (a, b) , 0, the equation(2.1) defines an elliptic curve. ... ap bp = cp. to the Fermat equation in exponent p; thus a, b, c Z are coprime non-zero

10 Oct 2023: Suppose that α has minimal polynomial f over Q, and let β = α4.Find a, b, c Q such that β = a bα cα2. ... 9. Let K and L be subfields of a field M such that M/K is finite.

8 Mar 2024: αd OK such that. OK = α1Z. αdZ.Such a collection of elements α1,. , ... 14 PÉTER P. VARJÚ. of this form. So no such π1 may exist.

28 Nov 2023: ii) If A is compact and B is closed, then there exists f X such that supA f <infB f. ... An algebra norm on A is a norm ‖‖ on A such that ‖ab‖ 6 ‖a‖‖b‖ for alla,b A.