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27 Jan 2020: 8. Let t1, t2,. be propositions such that, for every valuation v, there exists n withv(tn) = 1. ... Show that there is a proposition b, inwhich the only primitive propositions appearing are those that appear in both a and c,such that a b and b c.

8 Jan 2020: iii) Let w = a1b2a2b1a F. Using the method of Stallings folding, orotherwise, produce an explicit homomorphism f : F Q to a finite groupQ such that f(b) / f(〈w〉). ... b) For a commutative ring R with unity, define. T(R) =. {(a b0 d. ) SL2(R). }. (i)

5 Jun 2020: Ân such that Ln(xn1 ) log Qn(B(xn1,D)) for allxn1 An. ... Conversely, for any sequence of “admissible” distributions {Qn}, there is a sequenceof codes {Cn,Ln} operating at distortion level D, such that, for (almost) any realization ofthe source,

9 Nov 2020: Now suppose b G(L) is such that νb X(T) is dominant, hence defined over Zp. ... Itsuffices to prove that also descends to R(a,b). The coordinates ti induce a Frobenius-equivariant map RG R(a,b), such that the compositeR(a,b) RG

31 Jul 2020: where a,b,c,d,e Z. Provided that f is squarefree, such an equation defines a genus one curveover Q. ... By the proofof Lemma 12, the effect of such a transformation on (n,d,e) pZ3p is measure preserving.

4 Mar 2020: i) There exists an open set U B such that µ{0,1}N (UB) < ε2. ... so a B, a contradiction.Therefore, there exists m > 1 such that g 6 HAm.

23 Nov 2020: 12. Let S be a collection of subsets of N such that for every A, B S we have A B orB A. ... otherwords, for every a < b and every c there is an x with a < x < b such that f(x) = c.

5 Jun 2020: Yπ(n)π(n) , (6). whereM 1 is the largest integer such thatM 2 divides N ,and theYi are now binary. ... Actually Chebyshev came pretty close to proving the PNT.For example, using Theorem 1 in a slightly refined form, hewas able to find explicit

3 Nov 2020: 2. Given (fi)iI an arbitrary collection of continuous functions [0, 1] R such thatsupiI |fi(x)| < at each x [0, 1], show that there is an interval [a,b] [0, ... 1] witha < b such that supx[a,b] supiI |fi(x)| <. 3. Let X be a closed subspace of 1. Assume

11 Nov 2020: We now let µ X(T) and let b G(L) such that [b] B(G,µ). ... Reversing the above process we obtain Z′ Σtop(Xw′(b′))) such that StabU′(J′) = StabZ′(J′).

5 Jun 2020: According to Occam’s razor, the simplest such explanation is theone that should be favored. ... h x (α) = min{. log2 |B|, for sets B such that x B and K (B) α}.

10 Mar 2020: Since the action is cocompact, there exists a closed ball B = B (x0,D) such that GB = X.Since X is proper, B is compact. ... B.A realisation h of A B is a bijection h : A B such that there is a decomposition as above.

23 Oct 2020: Calculate d = (a,b) and find integers r and s such that ra sb = d when. ... iii) Find constants c and d such that λ(a,b) 6 c log b d.

5 Jun 2020: Doeblintype condition there exists r such that ess inf PXnr j Bn Here. ... Lemma There exists a constant such that for any positive integers s and.

20 Nov 2020: Make this assumption for the rest of the problem.(b) Why must there exist an equivalent measure Q such that 1. ... b) Show that. E(X1|Sn) =Snn. 2. 9. Find three random variables M1,M2,M3 such that.

22 Oct 2020: We write w ̃σw′ if there exists τ ̆ such that w σ τw′σ(τ)1. ... scheme over Fq, i.e. a scheme over Fq such that the absolute Frobenius is an isomorphism.

5 Jun 2020: N = M2 pY11 pY22 pYπ(n)π(n) , (6). where M 1 is the largest integer such that M2 divides N, and theYi are now binary. ... Actually Chebyshev came pretty close to proving the PNT. Forexample, using Theorem 1 in a slightly refined form, he was ableto

2 May 2020: Since limn Pp (Cn) = 1, thereexists an n such that Pp (Cn) > 12. ... By Riemann’s Theorem, there exists a conformal map from D̊ to an equilateral triangle such thata,b,c are sent to vertices A,B,C of that triangle.

14 May 2020: a) Showthat the unique minimiser is x = 0.(b) Find constants 0 < m < M and L > 0 such that m f ′′(x) M and |f ′′′(x)| L forall x.(c) Apply ... 8. Given constants b1, b2 such that b1 eb2 0 use the Lagrangian method to.

22 Oct 2020: The maps h and h′ then induce a map k : A′ B such that kj′′0 = f0 andkj′′1 = f2. ... By a correspondence between h and k we mean amap H : A I B such that Hj0 = k,Hj1 = sg,i0H = h and i1H = gσ.

5 Jun 2020: According to Occam’s razor, the simplest such explanation isthe one that should be favored. ... Given a string x, suppose wefocus on a special sub-class of programs p that produce x, namely, programs thatfirst describe a set B of strings such that x B,

15 Oct 2020: The least such n iscalled the order of g.). (b) Show that there exists a positive integer n such that gn = e for all g G. ... Can such a group beinnite? 8. Let G be a group of even order.

5 Jun 2020: such thatlim supnn1 log Qn(B(Xn1 ,D)) R < a.s. ... The question then becomes how to find such a Q when P is unknown.

11 Feb 2020: Show that for any b C, there exists a sequence of points zn D(a,R)with zn 6= a such that zn a and f(zn) b as n. ... Find such a sequence when f(z) = e1/z, a = 0 and b = 2.[A much harder theorem of Picard says that in any neighbourhood of an essential

22 Oct 2020: Let B(G,F) be the (extended) Bruhat–Tits building of G(F). For any x B(G,F), there is asmooth affine group scheme Gx over OF such that ... a choice of basis b for Λ such that the embeddings of buildings (3.3.1) and (3.3.2) induceembeddings of the

20 Nov 2020: payout Y is called attainable if there exists a scalar a andportfolio b Rd such that Y = a b>S1. ... For the general case, show that there exists aportfolio θ Rd such that Y = θ S1 Z where Z and S1 are independent.] Verify thatY π(Y ) is concave.

5 Jun 2020: 15, 18]. This means that there is a σ-finite measure ψ on(X,B) such that, for any A B with ψ(A) > 0, and any x X,. ... There is a function V : X [1,], a small set C X,and constants δ > 0, b < , such that:.

20 Nov 2020: S aSbb | T, T bTaa | S | ǫ. (3) Give a CFG for each of the following CFL’s, and then transform each such CFG intoCNF (giving a justification for the transformation). ... b) Show that the language L := {anbncn | n 1} is not a CFL.

5 Jun 2020: π(f) :=. π(dx)f(x) <. (ii) There exists a closed, small set C B such that,. ... x X and every B B satisfying ψ(B) > 0, there is a constantcB < such that,.

12 Nov 2020: 5. Let A Rn be such that every continuous function f : A R is bounded. ... V such that A Uand B V.

5 Jun 2020: But Wn, the “waiting time” until the firstD-close match for Xn1 , is approximately equal to the reciprocalof the probability of finding such a match. ... Given such a code, we candefine a (sub-)probability distribution on Ân by.

10 Oct 2020: algebra. 1.2. Show that the following sets of subsets of R all generate the same σ-algebra:(a) {(a,b) : a < b}, (b) {(a,b] : a < b}, (c) {(,b] : b ... an,bn] such that the Lebesgue measure of A4B(= (Ac B) (ABc)) is less than ε.

28 Oct 2020: if any), and why? (b) By replacing A in the construction of B with a suitably chosen set, construct a setC N such that neither C nor N C are ... and such that Wn is recursive foreach n I but. nI Wn is not r.e.

5 Jun 2020: This isformalized by requiring that{Xn} has a unique stationarydistribution π such that. ... Recall [13]that an irreducible, aperiodic chain{Xn} with values in thecountable alphabetA is geometrically ergodicif there existsa functionV : A [1, ), positive

3 Mar 2020: Show that f is integrable. What is. 10f(x)dx? 4. Give an example of a continuous function f : [0,) [0,) such that0f(x)dx. ... Show. that for every > 0 and every closed interval I [a,b] of positive length, there isa closed interval J I such that J has

5 Jun 2020: This means thatthere is aσ-finite measureψ on (X,B) such that,for any A B satisfying ψ(A) > 0 and any initialconditionx,. ... There exists an integern0 1, a constanta0 > 0, and a probability measure̺ on(X,B), such that,.

5 Jun 2020: what happens when we look for longer and longer such initial patterns how. ... ii If then there exists a standard Brownian motion fBt t g such that.

6 May 2020: d. (p, Im c|[b′,b]. ) D0. Therefore there exist s [a,a′] and t [b′,b] such that d (p,c(s)) ,d (p,c(t)) D0. ... By definition, form,n 1, there exists bm,n B such that amRnbm,n.

2 Dec 2020: identity). (G3) For each a G there exists a b G such that a b = e. ... ii) If a G then e a = a. (iii) If a,b,b′ G are such that a b = e and a b′ = e, then b = b′.

30 May 2020: Abigon for α,β is an embedded (closed) disc D S such that D(αβ) = D = ab where a αand b β are arcs. ... Therefore, after iterating, we eventually findψ Zd 6 Mod(S) such that φαi ψ αi.

28 Jan 2020: Regarding T as a map from C into C by identifyingR2 with C in the usual way, show that there exist unique complex numbers A, B such thatfor every z C, ... Can such a map everbe a Möbius transformation? 9. Let U C be open and let f = uiv : U C.

6 May 2020: By definition, form,n 1, there exists bm,n B such that amRnbm,n. ... R such that dX (ai,b) =dA (ai,αi) ε2 dB (βi,b).

8 Jun 2020: A representation ofthis functor, if it exists, is called a product of A and B: it consists of an object AB together withmorphisms AB π1 A and AB π2 B such ... iI of objects of (A G) indexed by a set I, such that every B ob (A G) has amorphism Bi B in

30 Nov 2020: f. There is a chart (φ,U) about p withφ(p) = 0 such that. ... of isolated zeroes, there is an analytic functiong with g(0) 0 such that.

28 May 2020: F :X I Y (where I = [0, 1]) such that F(, 0) = f0 and F(, 1) = f1. ... Let f : Sn Sn and q Sn be such that f1 (f(q)) = {q1,.

19 Oct 2020: 5. (a) Suppose that f Matn,n(F) is such that f(AB) = f(BA) for all A,B Matn,n(F) and f(I) = n.Show that f is the ... fn for V such that. ψ.  mi=1. xiei,. nj=1. yjfj.

5 Jun 2020: Theorem Almost sure invariance principle Let X be a nitevalued stationary process such. ... fB t t g such that for any. R t B t O t as.

3 Jun 2020: iii) f is a bilipschitz embedding if there exist a,b > 0 such that. ... A {1,. ,n} with |A| = t such that A(s) = {B A, |B| = s}is monochromatic.Definition 2.17 (Trees).

26 Feb 2020: n}, let the non-negative numbers A(n)k andthe ‘nodes’ x. (n)k [a,b] be given such that for each polynomial P , the error. ... such that for every f C([1, 1]), there exists a unique series.

6 Jun 2020: I A family of transition kernels {Pθ,θ Θ} such that, for all θ Θ,the target distribution π? ... Θ and a set A such that P(A) = 1 and.