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3 Nov 2006: We then used Fu and Li’s (1993) Dand F tests, using D. ... Fu Y-X, Li W-H (1993) Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations.

3 Nov 2006: topology relative to the maximum likelihood topology using the. SH test (Goldman et al. ... All P values were Bon-ferroni corrected for multiple tests performed on each alignment.

3 Nov 2006: M8: 2Dl 5 91.62, df 5 2, P ,0.001). Similarly, these tests supported the presence ofpositive selection in the C. ... Comput. Appl. Biosci. 13:555–556. ———. 1998. Likelihood ratio tests for detecting positive se-lection and application to primate

3 Nov 2006: TAXA GENE LENGTHNUM-. BER uW. CORRELATION. r2, d zD9z, d. PERMUTATION TESTS FORRECOMBINATION. ... The presence or absence of recom-bination can be tested for using a permutation test.

3 Nov 2006: These tests comparethe number of mutations on internal branches with thoseon terminal branches. ... TABLE 2. The probabilities of the observed values of test statisticsunder the neutral model.

3 Nov 2006: The cause of this sex ratio bias isnot known. The hatch rates of broods from all-female matri-lines and normal sex ratio matrilines are significantlydifferent (Mann–Whitney U-test: n ... normal matrilines (data not shown, Mann–WhitneyU-test: n 1 = 15,

3 Nov 2006: bacteria known to cause male-killing in other insects. Spiroplasma-specific PCR reactions were used to test. ... 51,. U 485 ; P! 00001) (First instar survival : datanot shown ; Mann–Whitney U-test : n. "

3 Nov 2006: 2002)].We wanted to test whether this pattern of evolution. was general across Drosophila AMPs. ... This permutation test accountsfor multiple tests. We detected only one possible gene con-version event in D.

3 Nov 2006: b) Test for known male-killers in Adalia bipunctataGenomic DNA was prepared from ovaries of one individual. ... This di¡erence isnot signi¢cant at the 5% level according to the KishinoHase-gawa test.

3 Nov 2006: Post-hoc tests. were used to investigate pairwise differences between. population means, corrected for multiple com-. ... African populations displayed higher resistance. Study of further populations will be required to test.

3 Nov 2006: Further data are clearly necessary. We aim to test these ideas in a second insect order byinvestigating in more detail the butteries A. ... However, gene sequence datawere not obtained from all these lines to test whetherthese bacteria were monophyletic

3 Nov 2006: We then tested directly whether the phylogenetic signals ofthe two genes are mutually incompatible using the parsimony-based partition homogeneity test (Farris et al. ... other respects).The test statistic was then recalculated for each replicated pairof

3 Nov 2006: The appropriate test given our experimen-tal design is the G test (Sokal and Rohlf 1995). ... However,this test becomes inaccurate at small sample sizes (Sokal and. 2292 FRANCIS M.

3 Nov 2006: 2000), using the program SH tests v. 1.0 (Rambaut 2001). lation sex ratio. ... an uninfected population with a sex ratio equal to thatKreitman-Aguadé (HKA) test (Hudson et al.

3 Nov 2006: Wolbachia-speci¢c polymerase chain reactions (PCR) wereused to test females for infection with the male-killer in order to. ... adult sex ratios (MannWhitney U-test: n1 ˆ11,n2 ˆ 4, U ˆ 44; p50.01) than the populations exhibiting thefood-plant’

3 Nov 2006: Thisresearch included eld tests that successfully suppressedpopulations of Cx. pipiens by releasing cytoplasmicallyincompatible males (Laven 1967). ... The model allows test-ing of applied strategies by permitting simulation of bothsingle and repeated

3 Nov 2006: monophyletic for mtDNA sequences (Funk & Omland. 2003), bar-coding tests have not revealed this pattern. ... subsequently died out within the species. A more promising approach is to test mtDNA datasets.

3 Nov 2006: Test for bacteria other than Wolbachiain buttery ovaries. Template from two male-killer matrilines was tested for. ... observed, and test of this assumption is clearly timely. The high prevalence of infection means that Wolbachia.

3 Nov 2006: Pairwise distances. In order to test for host specialization, the mean pairwisegenetic distance between. ... For example, ifthere were 10. Acraea. sequences, then 1000 replicate datasets of 10 randomly selected sequences were generated,and the test

3 Nov 2006: tests confirmed the infection status of each insect line. (d) Measurement of fitness parameters.